Evaluation of Birth Trauma Associated with Locomotor System Injury

Birth injury is described as a physical damage to the newborn due to mechanical influences during labor. Birth injury is reported in the frequency of 0.67-1.4% [1]. The birth injury is a major cause of neonatal mortality all over the world. Birth injury or obstetrical injuries are associated with different etiological causes. Risk factors of birth injury include three groups; maternal factors, neonatal factors and delivery factors. Maternal factors include maternal weight and pelvic abnormalities. Neonatal factors are fetal weight, fetal presentation anomalies and multiple pregnancy. Delivery factors are preterm delivery, prolonged or fastlabor and obstetric instrumentation during delivery (forceps and vacuum application) [2]. Birth injuries may also occur spontaneously without definable risk factors. Birth injury can be classified in 3 groups as:1soft tissue damage (cephal haematoma, ecchymosis, caput suksadenium), 2nerve tissue damage (brachial plexus, facial nerve palsy and cranial nerve damage), 3-bone tissue injury (clavicle, femur, humerus and skull fracture) [3]. Birth injuries are often seen in the form of soft tissue injuries, while the peripheral-cranial nerve injuries and bone fractures rarely occur. Bone tissue injury includes clavicle, femur and humerus in delivery. Long bone fractures are seen in the rate of 0.674 per 1000 live births [1,4]. Clavicular fracture is the most commonly reported trauma and its rate is of 2-3.5per 1000 live births. Femoral fracture rate is 0.13 per 1000 live births and it is much less common than humerus fractures [5,6,7]. Bone tissue injury and nerve damages can be seen together or separately. Clavicular fractures are occasionally responsible for lesions of the brachial plexus paralysis (BPP). The incidence of birth-related injury significantly decreased today due to close monitoring of high-risk pregnancy and reduced application of high forceps. Birth injuries can be avoidable and inevitable. The incidence of birth trauma has decreased with advanced obstetric care and perinatal diagnosis (2). Although the incidence of birth trauma and related risk factors are known, birth injuries occur even in the absence of these risk factors in part of the births. In this study, we evaluated frequency of bone tissue injury and nerve tissue damage risk factors between the years 2011-2013 in our hospital


Introduction
Birth injury is described as a physical damage to the newborn due to mechanical influences during labor. Birth injury is reported in the frequency of 0.67-1.4% [1]. The birth injury is a major cause of neonatal mortality all over Delivery factors are preterm delivery, prolonged or fastlabor and obstetric instrumentation during delivery (forceps and vacuum application) [2]. Birth injuries may also occur spontaneously without definable risk factors.
Birth injury can be classified in 3 groups as:1-soft tissue damage (cephal haematoma, ecchymosis, caput suksadenium), 2nerve tissue damage (brachial plexus, facial nerve palsy and cranial nerve damage), 3-bone tissue injury (clavicle, femur, humerus and skull fracture) [3]. Birth injuries are often seen in the form of soft tissue injuries, while the peripheral-cranial nerve injuries and bone fractures rarely occur.
Bone tissue injury includes clavicle, femur and humerus in delivery. Long bone fractures are seen in the rate of 0.67-4 per 1000 live births [1,4]. Clavicular fracture is the most commonly reported trauma and its rate is of 2-3.5per 1000 live births. Femoral fracture rate is 0.13 per 1000 live births and it is much less common than humerus fractures [5,6,7].
Bone tissue injury and nerve damages can be seen together or separately. Clavicular fractures are occasionally responsible for lesions of the brachial plexus paralysis (BPP). The incidence of birth-related injury significantly decreased today due to close monitoring of high-risk pregnancy and reduced application of high forceps. Birth injuries can be avoidable and inevitable. The incidence of birth trauma has decreased with advanced obstetric care and perinatal diagnosis (2). Although the incidence of birth trauma and related risk factors are known, birth injuries occur even in the absence of these risk factors in part of the births. In this study, we evaluated frequency of bone tissue injury and nerve tissue damage risk factors between the years 2011-2013 in our hospital Keywords: birth injury, clavicule fracture, bone injuries, birth weight, shoulder dystocia, delivery type

Materials and Methods
This is a retrospective study which was carried out at a tertiary teaching hospital and 2491singleton full-term live births were evaluated for birth injuries between January 2011 and September 2013. Ethics committee approval was received from the local ethics committee ( Approval number: 2018/177).
In the study, only mechanical means of developing physical birth trauma was evaluated. We assessed the frequency of birth injury such as humerus fracture, clavicular fracture, femur fracture and BPP.
The collected data included demographic specifics such as fetal sex, gestational age, parity, maternal age, birth weight, type of delivery, place of fracture. Neither vacuum extraction nor forceps have been used within these patients.
Multiple pregnancies, fetus with major anomalies and breech presentation were excluded from the study. We evaluated the frequency of birth injuries.

Statistically
Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS17.0 package (SPSS, Chicago, IL). Comparisons were made between groups using Mann-Whitney U and Ki-Square tests, with a p value < 0.05 which was considered significant.

Results
The mean gestational age and the maternal age of the all groups were 38.46 ± 1.978 weeks and 29.09 ± 5.81  years. The mean birth weight of the infants was 3218 ± 586 gr (range 1200-5500 g). There were a total of 2491 deliveries (1300 vaginal vertex deliveries and 1191 cesarean section) and 1226 (49.2%) of them were girls and 1265 (50.8 %) of them were boys. Statistically significant association was observed between two groups on delivery type, parity and maternal age.
Birth weight was higher in fracture group as compared to nonfracture group (p =0.002).The comparison of the maternal and fetal characteristics of the newborns was shown at (Table1).
We identified 29 cases of birth injury (femur fracture, clavicle fracture, humerus fracture and BPP) with a prevalence of ( 29/2491) 1.03%. The prevalence of the injuries were as  (Table 2).

Discussion
Birth injury is still inevitable and very real obstetric issue.
It can be mild and transitory with a good outcome, but also tragic and devastating event, drastically altering the course of the child's life forever. Apart from perinatological significance, which comes from its influence on perinatal mortality and morbidity, birth injury is very important from medico-legal aspects. All obstetric interventions are at some degree risky and there are no absolutely accurate solutions.
Birth injury is reported in the frequency of 6.7-14 per 1000 live births [1]. Today, the incidence of birth traumas has been decreasing [3]. In our country, the frequency of birth trauma has been reported such as in varying proportions 0. 22-5.2% in various studies [9,10]. In our study, birth trauma rate was found to be 7 per 1000 live births a 2-year period in our hospital. Clinical symptoms depend on the type, intensity and the grade of the birth injury. Local physical changes are most common of clinical manifestations. The diagnostic methods of birth injuries include clinical evaluation and observation, ultrasound and radiographic examination [8].
Risk factors of birth injury include maternal weight, pelvic abnormalities, fetal weight, fetal presentation anomalies, preterm delivery, prolonged or fast labor and obstetric instrumentation during delivery. Although birth injuries are often associated with traumatic birth, they rarely occur during normal spontaneous birth in the absence of any risk factor [2]. Other risk factor is maternal age. In the present study, we have shown that as maternal age increases, the rate of birth injuries increases as in literature [11]. One other risk factor is birth weight [12]. In our cases, mean birth weight was 3598 gr and increased birth weight raised the risk of birth injury.
However, birth weight has not been found a predictor for perinatal fracture. The cut-off border of birth weight could not be determined.
Gender of the fetus seems as a risk factor. Male children are more affected from birth injury. The study of Levine et al. demonstrated that birth injuries affect male gender more than female gender [1]. In our study, we found that there was more male gender than female gender. Statistically significant association was not observed in fetal gender. Multiparity is known as a risk for the development of BPP and clavicle fracture [13]. In our study, most traumatic cases were multipare and as parity increased, the risk enhanced. This is because the previous delivery of multipare mothers was through vaginal way and smooth. This leads to the smooth delivery expectation of these mothers. Even health carers feel like this. However, this causes the negligence of risk evaluation. This condition contributes to the formation of injury. The applied vacuum and forceps along with macrosomia are the most important predisposing factors for birth injury. Application of forceps or vacuum extraction increases the incidence of birth injuries slightly. The risk rate increases when both vacuum and forceps are used together significantly [14]. Neither vacum nor forceps were used within studied groups.
Fetal birth injuries are relatively less common in caesarian sections as compared to vaginal deliveries. Skin lacerations are most common fetal birth injuries in cesareans deliveries.
Although birth traumas are most often connected with vaginal deliveries, children delivered by cesarean section are not totally protected from those. Approximately, the rate was twice more in vaginal birth than in cesarean deliveries [15]. While the head trauma decreases in cesarean deliveries, the risk of long bone fractures continues. Long bone fractures are generally related to urgent cesarean operations [16,17]. In our findings, there were two femur fractures, one was vaginal delivery, and the other was cesarean delivery. it occurs in nearly 0.5 -1% of vaginal deliveries [18]. In the present study, the rate was 0.75% (17 neonate baby) and was the most common injury type. In one baby, BPP was observed simultaneously. In this case, the second delivery was a vaginal delivery and the birth weight was 4500 gr. Clavicular fracture is reported as inevitable complication of normal delivery and it is a mild birth trauma. Late sequela usually does not occur.
The baby cannot move its painful, injured arm. A chest x-ray shows whether there is a broken bone or not. Ultrasound can be used as an alternative to radiographs with good sensitivity.
Full recovery occurs without treatment. Less commonly there may be accompanying injuries to the brachial plexus paralysis, spine or humerus. The study of Peleg et al. found that neonatal clavicular fracture rate was 2.03 %. There was a relationship between birth weight and clavicular fracture [6].
In another study clavicle fracture rate was 0.5%. They found that birth weight and advanced maternal age are associated with fracture of the clavicle [19]. Risk [5].Any risk factor cannot be detected in 25% of cases with brachial plexus injury [6]. Cesarean section has a lower association than vaginal delivery risk for BPP. In these cases, during the C/S, shorter segmental transverse incision of the uterus could be insufficient and small vertical incision may be needed [26]. Birth weight was showed as a significant risk factor regardless of delivery method for BPP [27]. The simple answer for what we should do is to avoid from possible risks and diagnose the injury early. How can we manage birth injuries after making a diagnosis? Almost all the consequences could be reduced by professional and careful treatment. Neonate should be referred to a centre with special expertise in managing BPP. These children get the care advantage of specialized multidisciplinary teams for potential therapies. It is clearly stated in the literature that there is a direct correlation between birth weight and birth trauma. A birth weight of ≥ 4000 g is a known risk factor for birth trauma (28).

Conclusion
The risk of physical birth injury should be noted in all deliveries. To prevent birth trauma and reduce its frequency; timely C / S practice, appropriate obstetric care methods and related factors must be identified. We strongly recommend a very close cooperation between obstetricians/ perinatologists,